In terms of editing I have been involved through helping firstly with the opening montage, this involved using firstly just simply cutting the clips to equal length and using straight cut between clips, later on when watching this back a few times we found that it was not visually interesting so decided to use a transition instead.
The second piece of footage we edited was the opening title again this changed through the editing process, firstly we again cut clips of equal length using a straight cut between clips but watching it back we noticed that the lighting changed suddenly between clips and the body moved. I tried to remove this problem by firstly making the clips shorter and then putting them in slow motion to make the body seem to move less, but through doing this the lighting problem still remained so we decided to re-film this sequence. Once we had done this, we again edited it using simple cuts between the clips but through learning through my mistake in the first edit I decided to make the clips shorter and slow them down as to make the overall look less jolty.
Next I edited the interview with Josh Gilroy, this involved using cross dissolve on the cutaways to give them a smooth entrance and exit also I changed the sound levels as to stop some of the sound seeming to enter suddenly. I edited this so as the answers would make sense without the audience hearing the question, I found doing this the most challenging part and some answers had to be edited out as they could not be understood alone.
The voxpop was the next footage which needed to be edited, some of the clips when watching them back were inaudible so they were removed. The clips we could use were edited again using cuts as to not distract the audience, we also left three gaps between certain parts of the voxpop as we had shown people three different images and we were going to include these later.
Next we added in these images for the voxpop, these were made to lengths that I thought would give enough time for the voice over to introduce them which at first was just a guess as the script had not at this stage been written but later on we made them the correct length. Again I used simple cuts between clips.
Monday 14 December 2009
Monday 16 November 2009
Filming
I have been involved with the filming proccess of our documentary by firstly filming our montage, this involved taking handheld extreme close-ups of peoples tattoos and piercings,
I filmed around four of these clips this helped improve my handheld camerawork and taught me how to frame correctly.
Secondly, I filmed still images for our section on tattoo history this involved using panning and zoom shots as to make them interesting. A few of these shots we could not use due to the camera jolting or the image not being framed right, after a few attempts I got smoother at filming panning and zoom shots.
Thirdly I helped with the filming of our voxpop, the first time we went filming I was asking questions but a few of the clips were unusable due to sound issues or in some cases what the people said, so I refilmed more people, through doing this it taught me how to keep the framing right and how to know when a shot is useable.
I also filmed the interview with Gary, doing this helped me use a tripod and showed me how to frame an interview correctly keeping eyeline match and framing the interviewee to one side of the screen. The first time we filmed this the lighting was not right, so we re filmed this interview but corrected the lighting, doing this has reienforced the importance of lighting and has made me alot more aware of it when filming.
Finally, I helped with the filming for the part of our documentary on piercing history, again this involved using a tripod to film smooth panning & zoom shots of still images, which again helped improve my skills at doing these shot types.
Interview Questions
In preparation for filming the interview we had to plan the questions we were going to ask and preplan also the mise-en-scene and framing. Here is the final draft of the questions:
Piercings: Josh Gilroy
Question One
How many piercings have you got?
Question twowhat piercings have you got and why did you get them?
Question Three
Where you influenced by anyone/celebrities to get a certain piercing?
Question Four
Do you go to school/college or work?
Question Five
If so, are you allowed to have your piercings on show?
Voiceover Script
After filming the documentary we had to think about the voiceover: who would it be? what would they be saying? etc. We started by writing a draft of the script, which we later improved by making sure it would fit in the time frame (we had not wrote too much or too little) and making sure it was appropriate for the audience, and that it linked the footage together well.
This is the final draft of the script:
I filmed around four of these clips this helped improve my handheld camerawork and taught me how to frame correctly.
Secondly, I filmed still images for our section on tattoo history this involved using panning and zoom shots as to make them interesting. A few of these shots we could not use due to the camera jolting or the image not being framed right, after a few attempts I got smoother at filming panning and zoom shots.
Thirdly I helped with the filming of our voxpop, the first time we went filming I was asking questions but a few of the clips were unusable due to sound issues or in some cases what the people said, so I refilmed more people, through doing this it taught me how to keep the framing right and how to know when a shot is useable.
I also filmed the interview with Gary, doing this helped me use a tripod and showed me how to frame an interview correctly keeping eyeline match and framing the interviewee to one side of the screen. The first time we filmed this the lighting was not right, so we re filmed this interview but corrected the lighting, doing this has reienforced the importance of lighting and has made me alot more aware of it when filming.
Finally, I helped with the filming for the part of our documentary on piercing history, again this involved using a tripod to film smooth panning & zoom shots of still images, which again helped improve my skills at doing these shot types.
Interview Questions
In preparation for filming the interview we had to plan the questions we were going to ask and preplan also the mise-en-scene and framing. Here is the final draft of the questions:
Piercings: Josh Gilroy
Question One
How many piercings have you got?
Question twowhat piercings have you got and why did you get them?
Question Three
Where you influenced by anyone/celebrities to get a certain piercing?
Question Four
Do you go to school/college or work?
Question Five
If so, are you allowed to have your piercings on show?
Voiceover Script
After filming the documentary we had to think about the voiceover: who would it be? what would they be saying? etc. We started by writing a draft of the script, which we later improved by making sure it would fit in the time frame (we had not wrote too much or too little) and making sure it was appropriate for the audience, and that it linked the footage together well.
This is the final draft of the script:
History of Tattooing:
In the last few years tattoos have become the latest must have fashion accessory making them seem like a modern phenomenon, but this is not the case, tattooing has been round long before the time of Christ. The first real record of tattooing comes from ancient Egyptian wall paintings showing people baring tattoos, this fashion soon travelled around the world. Tattooing has been used for many different purposes and not just for body art; Romans used tattoos to brand criminals and slaves. The Japanese also marked their convicts. A single line on the forehead represented a first-time offender. Two lines marked a repeat offender and three lines spelled ‘dog’. Tattoos faded off the scene for 400 years, between 1200 and1600. When the British explorers returned from voyages with completely tattooed natives, in the late 1600’s and 1700’s the tattoos caused a sensation in
History of Piercing:
In recent times body piercing has been closely linked to fashion trends, although the history of piercing can be traced back to the ancient times when the primitive tribes and clans practiced this unique art of body modification. Body piercing has existed since the time immemorial and the practice is believed to be over thousands of years old. The Egyptians were fond of embellishing themselves, however the pharaoh was the only person able to get his naval pierced. Anyone found guilty of attempting to acquire a belly button piercing could face the death penalty. Romans practiced the art of body piercing specific aims in view. Roman centurions pierced their nipples, not for its appeal, but to indicate their vigour and potency. The Aztec and Maya were known for their skills as great warriors and they indulged in septum piercing so that they seemed more ferocious to their enemies.
Voxpop (Introduction):
Elaine Davidson, in the Guinness World Record book she is acknowledged as being the worlds most pierced women. We asked people what they thought about her.
Erik Sprague aka the lizard man, he is known as this due to his full body tattoos and fork tongue used to make him look like a lizard. We asked people what they thought about him and Tom Woodbridge aka the leopard man or Tom Leppard, known for having tattoos replicating the skin of a leopard. We asked people what they thought about him.
Voiceover Recording (History of tattooing/piercing):
Voiceover recording (Voxpop):
Wednesday 7 October 2009
Running Order
Running Order
Documentary: Skin Deep
Channel: Channel 4
Scheduling: Wednesday 9pm
Duration: 24 minutes (including advert breaks)
First 5mins
30secs - Montage of people’s tattoos & piercings
20secs - Opening Titles
15secs - Voice over: ‘What do you think about them?’
(A voice over introduces the topic related to results explaining answers)
30secs - Tattoo history
1min 30 secs - Tattoo getting done & interview with tattoo artist
30secs - History of piercing
35secs - Interview with Josh Gilroy 35secs
1min - Voxpop showing images of leopard man, lizard man & Elaine Davidson (Peoples Reactions)
Documentary: Skin Deep
Channel: Channel 4
Scheduling: Wednesday 9pm
Duration: 24 minutes (including advert breaks)
First 5mins
30secs - Montage of people’s tattoos & piercings
20secs - Opening Titles
15secs - Voice over: ‘What do you think about them?’
(A voice over introduces the topic related to results explaining answers)
30secs - Tattoo history
1min 30 secs - Tattoo getting done & interview with tattoo artist
30secs - History of piercing
35secs - Interview with Josh Gilroy 35secs
1min - Voxpop showing images of leopard man, lizard man & Elaine Davidson (Peoples Reactions)
Monday 5 October 2009
Formal Proposal
Formal Proposal
Topic
Tattoos and Piercings
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Style of Documentary
Informal
Entertaining
Informative
Channel and Scheduling
9pm Wednesday, Channel 4
Target Audience
18 to 35
Primary Research Needed
Getting Images of extremely tattooed and pierced people
Questionnaire
Finding people to interview
Finding locations for filming
Props
Creating the Mise-en-scene
Secondary Research Needed
Extracts from Films & TV programmes
Images
Music
Relevant Documents (magazines, books etc.)
Narrative Structure
Open
Multi-strand
Non Linear
Circular
Outline of Content
Voxpop
People getting tattoos done
Interviews with:
- Elaine Davidson
- Steve-O
- Miami Ink cast
- Tattoo Artists
- People with tattoos (public)
- Lizard man
Archive Material
Resource Requirements
DV Camera
Tripod
Adobe Premier
Images for Voxpop
Microphone
Photoshop for Title
Topic
Tattoos and Piercings
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Style of Documentary
Informal
Entertaining
Informative
Channel and Scheduling
9pm Wednesday, Channel 4
Target Audience
18 to 35
Primary Research Needed
Getting Images of extremely tattooed and pierced people
Questionnaire
Finding people to interview
Finding locations for filming
Props
Creating the Mise-en-scene
Secondary Research Needed
Extracts from Films & TV programmes
Images
Music
Relevant Documents (magazines, books etc.)
Narrative Structure
Open
Multi-strand
Non Linear
Circular
Outline of Content
Voxpop
People getting tattoos done
Interviews with:
- Elaine Davidson
- Steve-O
- Miami Ink cast
- Tattoo Artists
- People with tattoos (public)
- Lizard man
Archive Material
Resource Requirements
DV Camera
Tripod
Adobe Premier
Images for Voxpop
Microphone
Photoshop for Title
Brainstorm
We decided to produce a brainstorm of words that ourselfs and our class would come up with in a certain ammount of time these words could be things we are interested in or just words we thought of at the time. We would then use this list to firstly show us just how broad the genre of documentary is, as basically anything can be the topic of a documentary, but, also this list allowed us to think of ideas for our own documentarys.
Here is the list:
Friends
Models
Animals
Skateboarding
NHS
Drawing
Brushing Teeth
Dancing
Rollercoaster’s
School
Hobnob
Trampolining
Make-up
Sport
Gig's
Wok
Money
Colors
Wallet
Fighting
Cooking
Xbox
Cars
English
Shoes
Maths
Technology
Space
Astronomy
Extensions
Choirs
Butterflies
Death
Comedy
Alcoholism
Eyelashes
Wii
Pink
Media
Teaching
Laptop
TV
Alcohol
Christmas
Sexism
Fashion
Nature
Food
Fake Tan
Teenagers
Music
Waffles
Computers
Football
Piercings
Bluetooth
Anorexia
Film
Celebrities
Diets
Comedians
Americans
Abroad
Army
Fudge
Immigrants
Dinosaurs
Lifestyle
Tattoos
Architecture
Science
Surrealism
Cannabis
Drugs
Drinking
Mobile Phones
Sleep
Bages
Darkness
Shopping
Games
Liverpool
Holidays
Discrimination
Racism
Writing
Education
Nail Varnish
Facebook
Culture
YouTube
Cheese
Hair
Love
Nurses
Chocolate
Entertainment
Stars
Jewellery
Anime
Halloween
Party Popper
Paint
Social Groups
Art
Travel
Globe
Through the process of planning the documentary we decided to expand the topic to tattoos and piercings as we thought this would interest a greater audience.
Content for Documentary
Next we produced another brainstorm in our groups but this time for the content of the show. This is what we came up with:
Tattoo's
Types of Tattoos people Get
- Addictions
- Star Sign's
- Social Group's
- Art
- Relative's
- Football Team
- Symbolic
- Religion
- Partner
Celebrities Assosiate with Tattoos
- David Beckham
- Kat Von De (Miami Ink)
- Lizard Man
- Leopard Man
- Steve-o (Jackass)
- Dainton (Dirty Sanchez)
Reasions for Getting It Done
- Like The Feeling
- Addicted
- Go back to complete a tattoo
Getting it done/Tattoo Process
- Tattoo Parlour
- Needle
- Tattoo Artist
Henna Tattoos
- Don’t want permanent tattoo
- Cost - Cheaper
- Don’t want the pain of getting a real tattoo
- Try it out before getting a real one.
Completed Questionnaire & Conclusions
Media Research Questionnaire: Tattoos & Piercings Results
Q1) Are you:
Male: 7
Female: 13
This affects the results of the questionnaire as there is not a 50/50 split between males and females, making it bias towards females.
Q2) How old are you?
15 – 19: 11
20 – 24: 3
25 – 29: 4
30 – 34: 1
35+: 2
We targeted our questionnaire at a young audience due to scheduling which is why the questionnaire was filled out more by younger people.
Q3) Name three favourite colours:
Blue: 4
Red: 13
White: 3
Green: 1
Pink: 11
Purple: 1
Orange: 2
Yellow: 5
Black: 20
The two most popular colors are black and red, making this the colour scheme for the programme.
Tattoos
Q4) Do you have any tattoos?
Yes: 7
No: 13
Although tattoos are still less common, I think these results show an increse in the popularity of tattoos showing that the topic of the documentary will be directly interesting for some people.
Q5) If yes to question four, what is it and why did you pick it? E.g. Celebrity, symbolism, religion etc.
Star Sign: 1
Name of a loved one (wife/husband/child): 2
Looked nice: 3
All my mates got it: 1
This shows that most people that filled out the question view tattoos as something nice to look at, although quite a lot did get them for significant personal reasons.
Q6) If no to question four, would you ever consider having a tattoo?
Yes: 4
No: 3
Maybe: 6
This again I belive shows the increse in popularity of tattoos, making it a suitable and current topic to make a documentary on.
Q7) What are your views on people with numerous tattoos?
Freaky: 5
Weird: 7
Intimidating: 2
Cool: 1
Up to them: 3
Art: 2
These results show that extreme body tattooing is still seen as being unusual which should help keep the documentary entertaining and interesting throughout for the audience as it is not something you are in contact with daily.
Q8) Name three celebrities that you associate with tattoos
David Beckham: 23
Kat Von De: 21
Rihanna: 11
Steve-O: 3
Ozzy Ozbourn: 1
Brett Michaels: 1
The top two most popular celebritys associated with tattoos are David Beckham and Kat Von De, therefore I will try to feature them in the documentary.
Piercings
Q9) Do you have any piercings?
Yes: 15
No: 5
Piercing is shown to be a lot more popular than tattooing still which is not surprising, but also the high percentage of people with peircings means the subject of the documentary should be appealing to a large audience.
Q10) If yes to question 9, where is it and why did you get it?
Ear: 12
- School only allow earings: 7
- Popular: 3
- I like it: 2
Nose: 1
- Celebrity
Eyebrow: 2
- Favorite Band: 1
- Liked it: 1
This shows that subtle peircings are more common and that the main reason people get them is due to only them being allowed in school.
Q11) If no to question 9, would you ever consider getting a piercing?
Yes: 2
No: 3
This shows that only 3/20 people would deffinatly not have a peircing showing that there is a large potential audience for the documentary.
Q12) What are your views on people with numerous piercings?
Looks alright: 5
Over the top: 9
Not permentant so its okay: 6
Extreme body peircing seems to be viewed as slightly less shocking that full body tattooing, although most people do view it as being over the top meaning also that it should be entertaining and interesting for the audience to watch.
Q13) Name three celebrities that you associate with piercings
Rihanna: 17
David Beckham: 31
Q1) Are you:
Male: 7
Female: 13
This affects the results of the questionnaire as there is not a 50/50 split between males and females, making it bias towards females.
Q2) How old are you?
15 – 19: 11
20 – 24: 3
25 – 29: 4
30 – 34: 1
35+: 2
We targeted our questionnaire at a young audience due to scheduling which is why the questionnaire was filled out more by younger people.
Q3) Name three favourite colours:
Blue: 4
Red: 13
White: 3
Green: 1
Pink: 11
Purple: 1
Orange: 2
Yellow: 5
Black: 20
The two most popular colors are black and red, making this the colour scheme for the programme.
Tattoos
Q4) Do you have any tattoos?
Yes: 7
No: 13
Although tattoos are still less common, I think these results show an increse in the popularity of tattoos showing that the topic of the documentary will be directly interesting for some people.
Q5) If yes to question four, what is it and why did you pick it? E.g. Celebrity, symbolism, religion etc.
Star Sign: 1
Name of a loved one (wife/husband/child): 2
Looked nice: 3
All my mates got it: 1
This shows that most people that filled out the question view tattoos as something nice to look at, although quite a lot did get them for significant personal reasons.
Q6) If no to question four, would you ever consider having a tattoo?
Yes: 4
No: 3
Maybe: 6
This again I belive shows the increse in popularity of tattoos, making it a suitable and current topic to make a documentary on.
Q7) What are your views on people with numerous tattoos?
Freaky: 5
Weird: 7
Intimidating: 2
Cool: 1
Up to them: 3
Art: 2
These results show that extreme body tattooing is still seen as being unusual which should help keep the documentary entertaining and interesting throughout for the audience as it is not something you are in contact with daily.
Q8) Name three celebrities that you associate with tattoos
David Beckham: 23
Kat Von De: 21
Rihanna: 11
Steve-O: 3
Ozzy Ozbourn: 1
Brett Michaels: 1
The top two most popular celebritys associated with tattoos are David Beckham and Kat Von De, therefore I will try to feature them in the documentary.
Piercings
Q9) Do you have any piercings?
Yes: 15
No: 5
Piercing is shown to be a lot more popular than tattooing still which is not surprising, but also the high percentage of people with peircings means the subject of the documentary should be appealing to a large audience.
Q10) If yes to question 9, where is it and why did you get it?
Ear: 12
- School only allow earings: 7
- Popular: 3
- I like it: 2
Nose: 1
- Celebrity
Eyebrow: 2
- Favorite Band: 1
- Liked it: 1
This shows that subtle peircings are more common and that the main reason people get them is due to only them being allowed in school.
Q11) If no to question 9, would you ever consider getting a piercing?
Yes: 2
No: 3
This shows that only 3/20 people would deffinatly not have a peircing showing that there is a large potential audience for the documentary.
Q12) What are your views on people with numerous piercings?
Looks alright: 5
Over the top: 9
Not permentant so its okay: 6
Extreme body peircing seems to be viewed as slightly less shocking that full body tattooing, although most people do view it as being over the top meaning also that it should be entertaining and interesting for the audience to watch.
Q13) Name three celebrities that you associate with piercings
Rihanna: 17
David Beckham: 31
Questionnaire
Media Research Questionnaire: Tattoos & Piercings
Q1) Are you:
Male
Female
Q2) How old are you?
15 – 19
20 – 24
25 – 29
30 – 34
35+
Q3) Name three favourite colours:
___________________
___________________
___________________
Tattoos
Q4) Do you have any tattoos?
Yes
No
Q5) If yes to question four, what is it and why did you pick it? E.g. Celebrity, symbolism, religion etc.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q6) If no to question four, would you ever consider having a tattoo?
Yes
No
Maybe
Q7) What are your views on people with numerous tattoos?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q8) Name three celebrities that you associate with tattoos
___________________
___________________
___________________
Piercings
Q9) Do you have any piercings?
Yes
No
Q10) If yes to question 9, where is it and why did you get it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q11) If no to question 9, would you ever get a piercing?
Yes
No
Q12) What are your views on people with numerous piercings?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q13) Name three celebrities that you associate with piercings
___________________
___________________
___________________
Q14) Please add any additional comments you would like to add about tattoos and piercings
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for filling out our questionnaire
Q1) Are you:
Male
Female
Q2) How old are you?
15 – 19
20 – 24
25 – 29
30 – 34
35+
Q3) Name three favourite colours:
___________________
___________________
___________________
Tattoos
Q4) Do you have any tattoos?
Yes
No
Q5) If yes to question four, what is it and why did you pick it? E.g. Celebrity, symbolism, religion etc.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q6) If no to question four, would you ever consider having a tattoo?
Yes
No
Maybe
Q7) What are your views on people with numerous tattoos?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q8) Name three celebrities that you associate with tattoos
___________________
___________________
___________________
Piercings
Q9) Do you have any piercings?
Yes
No
Q10) If yes to question 9, where is it and why did you get it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q11) If no to question 9, would you ever get a piercing?
Yes
No
Q12) What are your views on people with numerous piercings?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q13) Name three celebrities that you associate with piercings
___________________
___________________
___________________
Q14) Please add any additional comments you would like to add about tattoos and piercings
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for filling out our questionnaire
Friday 2 October 2009
Scheduling
TV Scheduling
The schedule for each day can be broken down into clear segments. How would you categorise these segments?
Breakfast
Daytime
Childrens Programmes
Peaktime
Post Watershed
Who are the target audience for these segments?
Breakfast - Differs according to channel
Daytime - Housewives, elderly, unemployed, students
Childrens Programmes - Children
Peaktime - Families, mass audience
Post Watershed - Adults
What would you say are the most popular genres on television?
Soaps - Most popular - coronation street, Eastenders etc.
Sitcoms - Friends , Skins, etc.
Reality TV - Big Brother etc.
Drama's - Blue Murder, Waking the dead etc.
Football - One off's, not sport in general - just individual matches.
Game Shows - The Cube, Deal or not Deal etc.
Cookery programmes - Come dine with me etc.
Who is the target audience of each terrestrial channel? Give examples of scheduled programmes to support your views.
BBC1 - Everyone - We have to pay for it so everyone must be catered for at sometime in the day.
BBC2 - Minority audiences, became more popular.
ITV 1 - Everyone - No specific kids programmes, but there are programmes that kids can watch aswel.
Channel 4 -
Channel 5 -
Roughly, what percentage of each channel's schedules is taken up with repeats? Why do you think this is?
BBC1 - 10%
BBC2 - 30-40%
ITV1 - 10%
Channel 4 - 30%
Channel 5 - 40%
BBC 2, Channel 4 and Channel 5 don't have large audiences so don't get alot of money to have more programmes, so they have alot of repeats.
BBC1 and ITV1 can afford more new programmes
Which channels have more imported programmes in their schedules? Why do you think this might be?
BBC2, Channel 4 and Channel 5, as it is cheaper to import programmes rather than make them. Whereas, ITV1 and BBC1 have more money so they can make their own shows, they don't have to import them.
What do you understand by the term 'the watershed' and where does this occur in the schedules?
Adult only programmes - 9pm
Inheritance
Scheduling a programme immediately after a popular programme in the hope it will inherit some of its audience.
Pre-echo
Scheduling a programe before a popular programme. The hope is that the audience for the popular programme will tune in early or turn over early before it starts, will catch the end of the new programme which might grab their attention so they will watch the programme next time.
Hammocking
Scheduling a programme between two popular programmes both pre-echo and inheritance.
The schedule for each day can be broken down into clear segments. How would you categorise these segments?
Breakfast
Daytime
Childrens Programmes
Peaktime
Post Watershed
Who are the target audience for these segments?
Breakfast - Differs according to channel
Daytime - Housewives, elderly, unemployed, students
Childrens Programmes - Children
Peaktime - Families, mass audience
Post Watershed - Adults
What would you say are the most popular genres on television?
Soaps - Most popular - coronation street, Eastenders etc.
Sitcoms - Friends , Skins, etc.
Reality TV - Big Brother etc.
Drama's - Blue Murder, Waking the dead etc.
Football - One off's, not sport in general - just individual matches.
Game Shows - The Cube, Deal or not Deal etc.
Cookery programmes - Come dine with me etc.
Who is the target audience of each terrestrial channel? Give examples of scheduled programmes to support your views.
BBC1 - Everyone - We have to pay for it so everyone must be catered for at sometime in the day.
BBC2 - Minority audiences, became more popular.
ITV 1 - Everyone - No specific kids programmes, but there are programmes that kids can watch aswel.
Channel 4 -
Channel 5 -
Roughly, what percentage of each channel's schedules is taken up with repeats? Why do you think this is?
BBC1 - 10%
BBC2 - 30-40%
ITV1 - 10%
Channel 4 - 30%
Channel 5 - 40%
BBC 2, Channel 4 and Channel 5 don't have large audiences so don't get alot of money to have more programmes, so they have alot of repeats.
BBC1 and ITV1 can afford more new programmes
Which channels have more imported programmes in their schedules? Why do you think this might be?
BBC2, Channel 4 and Channel 5, as it is cheaper to import programmes rather than make them. Whereas, ITV1 and BBC1 have more money so they can make their own shows, they don't have to import them.
What do you understand by the term 'the watershed' and where does this occur in the schedules?
Adult only programmes - 9pm
Inheritance
Scheduling a programme immediately after a popular programme in the hope it will inherit some of its audience.
Pre-echo
Scheduling a programe before a popular programme. The hope is that the audience for the popular programme will tune in early or turn over early before it starts, will catch the end of the new programme which might grab their attention so they will watch the programme next time.
Hammocking
Scheduling a programme between two popular programmes both pre-echo and inheritance.
Codes & Conventions
Codes & Conventions
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Narrative Structure
Open
Single Strand
Non Linear
Camerawork
Interviews:
- Framed to either the left or right of screen in medium close up or close up
- Most important person getting interviewed usually framed or filmed in a unique style to stand out
Panning and Zoom used on still images to make them more visually interesting for audience
Handheld camerawork for actuality footage so as the camera can reply quickly to action
Overall throughout a documentary there is a large variety of camera shots and framing throughout this is to make the documentary more entertaining and visually pleasing as well as informing
Mise-En-Scene
Interviews:
- Background of interview mostly related to interviewee
- Background can be related to content if this is the case cornicing is used (blue or green screen) so as a background can be put in during editing which links directly to what is being spoken about
Sound
Narration:
- Standard English
- Generally the narrators age and gender reflects that of the target audience
- Occasionally the narrator is the complete opposite to what would be expected for example: a documentary on cars with a female voice over
Other voice over’s such as translations can also be used
Music is used to anchor emotions which will reflect the footage being shown
Non-diegetic sound can be used such as sound effects to make the audience feel as if they are there, these are usually used over the actuality footage but can sometimes be used over still images such as in a historical documentary showing a picture of a king may play war sounds over a still image to make it more entertaining
Editing
Montage used at beginning to give audience a teaser as what is going to be in the rest of the documentary
Cut & cutting used as they are not distracting to the audience
Fade to/from black used to sometimes show a passage of time
Archive Material
Film
TV
News Broadcasts
Images
Magazines
Newspapers
Music Videos etc.
Graphics
Interviews:
- Name & relevance/job title of interviewee on opposite side of screen to person
- Sans Serif or another simple font used as to not be distracting
Title has a unique font; font usually reflects content of show for example: Egyptian style font for a documentary on Egypt
Translations
Indicate time
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Narrative Structure
Open
Single Strand
Non Linear
Camerawork
Interviews:
- Framed to either the left or right of screen in medium close up or close up
- Most important person getting interviewed usually framed or filmed in a unique style to stand out
Panning and Zoom used on still images to make them more visually interesting for audience
Handheld camerawork for actuality footage so as the camera can reply quickly to action
Overall throughout a documentary there is a large variety of camera shots and framing throughout this is to make the documentary more entertaining and visually pleasing as well as informing
Mise-En-Scene
Interviews:
- Background of interview mostly related to interviewee
- Background can be related to content if this is the case cornicing is used (blue or green screen) so as a background can be put in during editing which links directly to what is being spoken about
Sound
Narration:
- Standard English
- Generally the narrators age and gender reflects that of the target audience
- Occasionally the narrator is the complete opposite to what would be expected for example: a documentary on cars with a female voice over
Other voice over’s such as translations can also be used
Music is used to anchor emotions which will reflect the footage being shown
Non-diegetic sound can be used such as sound effects to make the audience feel as if they are there, these are usually used over the actuality footage but can sometimes be used over still images such as in a historical documentary showing a picture of a king may play war sounds over a still image to make it more entertaining
Editing
Montage used at beginning to give audience a teaser as what is going to be in the rest of the documentary
Cut & cutting used as they are not distracting to the audience
Fade to/from black used to sometimes show a passage of time
Archive Material
Film
TV
News Broadcasts
Images
Magazines
Newspapers
Music Videos etc.
Graphics
Interviews:
- Name & relevance/job title of interviewee on opposite side of screen to person
- Sans Serif or another simple font used as to not be distracting
Title has a unique font; font usually reflects content of show for example: Egyptian style font for a documentary on Egypt
Translations
Indicate time
Monday 28 September 2009
Analysis of Documentary Genre
The Devil Made Me Do It
Type of Documentary
Mixed, as it includes: interviews, actuality footage and archive material
Themes
• Religion
• Youth culture
• Good vs. evil (binary opposition)
• Influence of media, did Marilyn Manson’s music and videos influence the behaviour of teenagers?
Narrative Structure
• Open narrative structure (question unanswered)
• Single strand (one story line)
• Non linear (does not follow chronological order)
Camerawork
• Interviews:
- Close up or medium close up filmed to left or right of screen
- Marilyn Manson interviews filmed in low angle to convey power
• Low angle shots of religious iconography, for example: Jesus on cross, angels, stain glass windows
• Long shots of deserted streets, high angle, slow pan
• Handheld camera work used in actuality footage because they need to be able to respond quickly to action (E.g. at a gig)
• Camera often jolts, this is the cameramen trying to retain the correct framing
• Camera observes other media, we (the audience) are not positioned as member of media
Mise-en-scene
• The mise-en-scene of the interviews provides us with information about the person(s), for example: teenagers at bar/in bedroom, old couple on couch, policeman in his office at desk
• Religious iconography: Jesus on cross, stain glass windows, angels
• Juxtaposition: Quiet Italian town contrasts with loud teenagers drinking
• Marilyn Manson in McDonalds (hypocritical)
Sound
• Music: religious, Marilyn Manson
• Sound effects: heartbeat, whispering, hitting sounds
• Narration: young male speaking in standard English (no slang) slight Scottish accent, narration is used to link up all the footage so as the whole documentary makes sense
• Translation: each voice reflected gender and age also Italian accent helps to convey further something about them
Editing
• Cut & cross cutting
These methods of editing are discrete as to not draw the audience’s attention away from the documentary, which is why they are the main form of editing within the programme.
• Fade to black & fade from black
These are used to show a progression of time.
• Montage
Opening sequence uses a montage of extracts of footage from within the documentary, this teases the audience and is used to grab there attention.
Archive Material
• Marilyn Manson videos
• Italian talk show
• American TV news
• Newspaper cuttings
Graphics
• End of programme to close narrative
• Name of person and relevance to subject matter, this gives the audience a connection between who is being interviewed and there importance to the documentary
• Lyrics
• Indicate time
• Some translation
• Title: unique gothic font, artistic and adds to good vs. evil theme
All of these (apart from title) are in Sans Serif font and are positioned to the left of screen; this is to keep them discrete.
Music Biz: The Marketing of Meatloaf
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Themes
• Marketing in the music industry
• Image creation
• Power of media
• Manipulation of audiences
Narrative Structure
• Single strand
• Non linear
• Closed
• Circular
Camerawork
• Low angle
• Interviews framed to either left or right of screen: close up or medium close up (conventional)
• One interview filmed in profile which breaks the convention but it feels strange
• Handheld used for actuality footage
• Point of view shots of audience observing media not part of media
• Zoom and pan used to make still images more interesting as to create a interest for the audience
Mise-en-scene
• Croaking (blue or green screen) used as background to interviews so as later on during editing the background can become related to subject matter or who the person is
Sound
• Narrator: male, standard English, used to hold narrative together and anchor the video footages meaning (conventional), but he is also sarcastic and has an opinion on the footage he says ‘Mr meet and greet himself’ this is unconventional of a documentary voice over
Editing
• Cut
• Dissolve used for interviews
• Spinning effect on images
• Montage of different American TV shows, this conveys popularity in the media
• Fast motion
• Slow motion
Archive Material
• Top of the pops
• Chart dhow
• Brit awards
• Grammy awards
• Neil’s house party
• News programmes
• Music videos
• Websites
• Magazines and newspaper articles
(Lots of archive material)
Graphics
• Logo for title of series ‘The Biz’ used on interviews next to name and relevance of person being interviewed
• Name. Job title or relevance to subject matter used to anchor the relevance/job of person being interviewed
• Graphics superimposed over images
• Title scrolled across bottom of screen at end (unconventional)
• Sans Serif ‘white’ typography conveys that documentary is modern and youthful
That Thing: Lara Croft
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Themes
• Power of the media (games new media)
• Icons
• Feminism/representation
• Gaming
Narrative Structure
• Single strand
• Non linear
• Closed
Camerawork
• Interviews framed to either left or right of screen: close up or medium close up (conventional) also tilted frame & big close up use this shows there creative use of camerawork
• Tilted frame
• Point of view tracking around arcade
• Zoom and pan used to make still images more interesting as to create an interest for the audience
Overall this is a lot of different camerawork used for a ten minute documentary
Mise-en-scene
• Croaking (blue or green screen) used as background to interviews with clips of the game imposed on them, also these are out of focus so as they do not distract the audience from the interviewee
• Front projection over interviewees face this almost looks as though the person is in the game
• Interviews well lit
• Creator of game interview framed in a computer in tilted frame (unique) as though he is one of the computer characters himself
Sound
• Music: from game, dance music, Madonna music (when there is a reference to Madonna being an icon in the same way as Lara Croft)
• Narration: Male, standard English, young, sounds like the type of person that would play the games
Editing
• Cut
• Fast motion
• Zoom
Archive Material
• Game
• Film
• Nike adverts
• Websites (forums)
• Emails
• Interview with Angelina Joli
Graphics
• Name & relevance of person getting interviewed on opposite side of screen to the person
• Name is in a larger font size than relevance/who they are
• Each graphic relates specifically to the subject matter ‘reviews that thing’
• Title in speech bubble, unique, suggests discussion
9/11: Falling Man
Type of Documentary
Mixed, as it includes: interviews, actuality footage and archive material
Themes
• Religion
• Youth culture
• Good vs. evil (binary opposition)
• Influence of media, did Marilyn Manson’s music and videos influence the behaviour of teenagers?
Narrative Structure
• Open narrative structure (question unanswered)
• Single strand (one story line)
• Non linear (does not follow chronological order)
Camerawork
• Interviews:
- Close up or medium close up filmed to left or right of screen
- Marilyn Manson interviews filmed in low angle to convey power
• Low angle shots of religious iconography, for example: Jesus on cross, angels, stain glass windows
• Long shots of deserted streets, high angle, slow pan
• Handheld camera work used in actuality footage because they need to be able to respond quickly to action (E.g. at a gig)
• Camera often jolts, this is the cameramen trying to retain the correct framing
• Camera observes other media, we (the audience) are not positioned as member of media
Mise-en-scene
• The mise-en-scene of the interviews provides us with information about the person(s), for example: teenagers at bar/in bedroom, old couple on couch, policeman in his office at desk
• Religious iconography: Jesus on cross, stain glass windows, angels
• Juxtaposition: Quiet Italian town contrasts with loud teenagers drinking
• Marilyn Manson in McDonalds (hypocritical)
Sound
• Music: religious, Marilyn Manson
• Sound effects: heartbeat, whispering, hitting sounds
• Narration: young male speaking in standard English (no slang) slight Scottish accent, narration is used to link up all the footage so as the whole documentary makes sense
• Translation: each voice reflected gender and age also Italian accent helps to convey further something about them
Editing
• Cut & cross cutting
These methods of editing are discrete as to not draw the audience’s attention away from the documentary, which is why they are the main form of editing within the programme.
• Fade to black & fade from black
These are used to show a progression of time.
• Montage
Opening sequence uses a montage of extracts of footage from within the documentary, this teases the audience and is used to grab there attention.
Archive Material
• Marilyn Manson videos
• Italian talk show
• American TV news
• Newspaper cuttings
Graphics
• End of programme to close narrative
• Name of person and relevance to subject matter, this gives the audience a connection between who is being interviewed and there importance to the documentary
• Lyrics
• Indicate time
• Some translation
• Title: unique gothic font, artistic and adds to good vs. evil theme
All of these (apart from title) are in Sans Serif font and are positioned to the left of screen; this is to keep them discrete.
Music Biz: The Marketing of Meatloaf
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Themes
• Marketing in the music industry
• Image creation
• Power of media
• Manipulation of audiences
Narrative Structure
• Single strand
• Non linear
• Closed
• Circular
Camerawork
• Low angle
• Interviews framed to either left or right of screen: close up or medium close up (conventional)
• One interview filmed in profile which breaks the convention but it feels strange
• Handheld used for actuality footage
• Point of view shots of audience observing media not part of media
• Zoom and pan used to make still images more interesting as to create a interest for the audience
Mise-en-scene
• Croaking (blue or green screen) used as background to interviews so as later on during editing the background can become related to subject matter or who the person is
Sound
• Narrator: male, standard English, used to hold narrative together and anchor the video footages meaning (conventional), but he is also sarcastic and has an opinion on the footage he says ‘Mr meet and greet himself’ this is unconventional of a documentary voice over
Editing
• Cut
• Dissolve used for interviews
• Spinning effect on images
• Montage of different American TV shows, this conveys popularity in the media
• Fast motion
• Slow motion
Archive Material
• Top of the pops
• Chart dhow
• Brit awards
• Grammy awards
• Neil’s house party
• News programmes
• Music videos
• Websites
• Magazines and newspaper articles
(Lots of archive material)
Graphics
• Logo for title of series ‘The Biz’ used on interviews next to name and relevance of person being interviewed
• Name. Job title or relevance to subject matter used to anchor the relevance/job of person being interviewed
• Graphics superimposed over images
• Title scrolled across bottom of screen at end (unconventional)
• Sans Serif ‘white’ typography conveys that documentary is modern and youthful
That Thing: Lara Croft
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Themes
• Power of the media (games new media)
• Icons
• Feminism/representation
• Gaming
Narrative Structure
• Single strand
• Non linear
• Closed
Camerawork
• Interviews framed to either left or right of screen: close up or medium close up (conventional) also tilted frame & big close up use this shows there creative use of camerawork
• Tilted frame
• Point of view tracking around arcade
• Zoom and pan used to make still images more interesting as to create an interest for the audience
Overall this is a lot of different camerawork used for a ten minute documentary
Mise-en-scene
• Croaking (blue or green screen) used as background to interviews with clips of the game imposed on them, also these are out of focus so as they do not distract the audience from the interviewee
• Front projection over interviewees face this almost looks as though the person is in the game
• Interviews well lit
• Creator of game interview framed in a computer in tilted frame (unique) as though he is one of the computer characters himself
Sound
• Music: from game, dance music, Madonna music (when there is a reference to Madonna being an icon in the same way as Lara Croft)
• Narration: Male, standard English, young, sounds like the type of person that would play the games
Editing
• Cut
• Fast motion
• Zoom
Archive Material
• Game
• Film
• Nike adverts
• Websites (forums)
• Emails
• Interview with Angelina Joli
Graphics
• Name & relevance of person getting interviewed on opposite side of screen to the person
• Name is in a larger font size than relevance/who they are
• Each graphic relates specifically to the subject matter ‘reviews that thing’
• Title in speech bubble, unique, suggests discussion
9/11: Falling Man
Mixed
Themes
• Power of the media/images
• Media Controversy
• Symbolism
• Death
• Fear
• Personal reactions towards media
Narrative Structure
• Single strand
• Non linear
• Closed
Camerawork
• Interviews: Left or right of screen, medium close up or close up
• Handheld camerawork for archive material
• No panning on certain still images because they are intresting due to how shocking they are already
• Panning
• Tracking
• Zoom
Mise-en-scene
• Strong lighting in interviews (heavenly/spiritual) Either extremely dark background with strong lighting on face or very bright well lit background with not much lighting on face (mysterious)
• Related background (related) but is blurry and unclear
Sound
• Narration: male, middle aged, standard English, sympathetic
• Music to anchor emotions
• Radio/news broadcasts over footage
• Walky talky recordings from firemen
Editing
• Cut
• Fade to black
• Blur
Archive Material
• News broadcasts
• Photographs
• Video footage of towers
Graphics
• Name & relevance of person getting interviewed on opposite side of screen to the person
• Title of documentary, Simple, white font with black background
Pharohs & Kings: A Biblical Quest
Type of Documentary
Mixed
Themes
• Religion/believes
• Recordings of history
Narrative Structure
• Single strand
• Linear
• Closed
Camerawork
• Interviews: Left or right of screen, medium close up or close up
• Panning
• Zoom
• Handheld
Mise-en-scene
• Black background for interviews
Sound
• Narration: male, old, standard English
• Music used to anchor emotion
• Sound effects: War, fighting
Editing
• Cut
• Fade to black
• Superimposed
Archive Material
• Shots of Egyptian landscape
• Pictures from books of Pharaohs
Graphics
• Name & relevance of person getting interviewed on opposite side of screen to the person
• Title of documentary, Egyptian style font
Research into Documentary Genre
A documentary is a ‘construction of reality’, seeming as documentaries are edited they can therefore portray there footage in any way also they pick out the most interesting/important parts (gate keeping – Section and rejection of information)
Types of Documentary
• Fully narrated
Off screen voice over to make sence of visuals & anchor the meaning of the footage.
(E.g. Natural History)
• Fly on the wall
Origins in cinema verity (truth), camera is unobtrusive & filming real life.
(E.g. Katie Price/Peter Andre Documentaries)
• Mixed
Combination of interview, observation & narration to advance the narrative.
• Self reflective
When the subjects of documentary acknowledge presence of camera.
• Docudrama
Re-enactment/reconstruction of events as they are supposed to have happened.
• Docusoap
Most recent form of documentary, follows group of people & shows there daily lives.
(E.g. Airline, Driving School, Ratcatcher)
Types of Narrative Structure
• Open vs. Closed
Open - There are loose ends and unanswered questions, this leaves the audience to make up there own minds
Closed - All loose ends are tied up, no questions remaining in audiences mind
• Single Strand vs. Multi Strand
Single Strand - One narrative running throughout
Multi Strand - More than one narrative that sometimes crosses over or converge
• Linear vs. Non Linear
Linear - Follows chronological order (time order)
Non Linear - Does not follow order of time (e.g. flashback)
• Circular Narrative
Poses questions at beginning, gives information then ends with the same question and leaves it to the audience to make up own mind. Often gives two sides of an argument.
Question → Information / Evidence → Back to Question…
Types of Documentary
• Fully narrated
Off screen voice over to make sence of visuals & anchor the meaning of the footage.
(E.g. Natural History)
• Fly on the wall
Origins in cinema verity (truth), camera is unobtrusive & filming real life.
(E.g. Katie Price/Peter Andre Documentaries)
• Mixed
Combination of interview, observation & narration to advance the narrative.
• Self reflective
When the subjects of documentary acknowledge presence of camera.
• Docudrama
Re-enactment/reconstruction of events as they are supposed to have happened.
• Docusoap
Most recent form of documentary, follows group of people & shows there daily lives.
(E.g. Airline, Driving School, Ratcatcher)
Types of Narrative Structure
• Open vs. Closed
Open - There are loose ends and unanswered questions, this leaves the audience to make up there own minds
Closed - All loose ends are tied up, no questions remaining in audiences mind
• Single Strand vs. Multi Strand
Single Strand - One narrative running throughout
Multi Strand - More than one narrative that sometimes crosses over or converge
• Linear vs. Non Linear
Linear - Follows chronological order (time order)
Non Linear - Does not follow order of time (e.g. flashback)
• Circular Narrative
Poses questions at beginning, gives information then ends with the same question and leaves it to the audience to make up own mind. Often gives two sides of an argument.
Question → Information / Evidence → Back to Question…
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